Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Around 12% of alone pregnancies occur to women who continue to hatful throughout their motherhood.Two thirds of those involved in matriarchal roll of tobacco during maternity are Caucasian.More than 500,000 infants each class are exposed to backside smoke in utero.Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been heavily linked to many infant and yearling wellness issues.Health issues are excessively apparent in women who do non smoke during pregnancy, but are regularly exposed to smoke during their pregnancy. This applies almost to those who live with a smoker, or those who work in smoking environments.It is a known fact that maternal smoking during pregnancy produces more untimely births and babies with lower birth freights.Maternal smoking during pregnancy has also been associated with babies who eat up griping.It has been found that tobacco smoke raises levels of motilin in the blood and intestines when maternal smoking during pregnancy is apparant. These raised level s causes contractions of the stomach and intestines to increase.The increased levels of motilin can cause griping in infants, which can cause the infants pain and discomfort for months.Studies appearance that infants who had colic at 3 months of age had more sleep difficulties and temper tantrums at 3 years of age in comparison with those children without colic.Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to more rebellious and aggressive infants and toddlers, helping to link smoking during pregnancy to look in infants and toddlers.Mothers who smoke during pregnancy also reported more disallow behavior from their infants and toddlers than mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy.Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy can swallow behavioral regards on the infant well into adult strong-armer.QuestionDoes maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continue to have an affect into toddler hood?HypothesisIt is suspected that maternal smoking during pregnancy does indeed have an affect on the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continues to have an affect into toddler hood.Conducting a need on the behavior of infants born(p)(p) to mothers who smoke-cured during their pregnancy, and go along the study through their toddler years can provide seemly research for this question.This study would need to monitor the child in his or her normal environment as well as in normal social environments.The childs behavior would then be compared to the behavior of children of the same age and developmental stage that were born to mothers who did not smoke during the pregnancy.By collecting all of the data and analyzing it, there may be a pattern of behavior differences between the children who were born to smoking mothers and those who were born to non-smoking mothers.ProblemsIt may be difficult to pinpoint aggressive or negative behavior from children on the sole fact that their mothe r smoked during their pregnancy.It leave alone be difficult to factor in behavioral and discipline techniques use by guardians of these children.It may be difficult to get mothers to admit they smoked during their pregnancy, as they may be embarrassed of their lack of attention to the wellness issues that may have been unnatural.It may be impossible to set a standard and determine what is normal rebellious behavior for an infant and toddler and what is abnormal behavior.SourcesHitti, Miranda. Tobacco Smoke May Increase Colic. 4 October, 2004.http//my.webmd.com/content/article/94/103060.htm. Acquired on 22 June 2005.Infant Deaths tied to Premature lineages. New York Times. 1 March, 1995.http//www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/statlabs/papers/sample.pdf. Acquired on 22 June2005.antepartum Smoking Data Book Smoking and Reproductive Outcomes. www.cdc.com.Acquired on 22 June 2005.Schonfeld, Amy Rothman PhD. Dreading the Terrible Twos? Dont Smoke, MothersWarned. 13 April, 2000. http//my.web md.com/content/article/23/1728_56585.htm.Acquired on 22 June 2005.Maternal smoking during pregnancyThe Research Question would be ar babies born from mothers who smoke during the pregnancy have greater chances of developing low-birth weight, compared to those born from mothers who do not smoke?A study was conducted on with child(predicate) women that belonged to a Maternity Hospital in Haguenau, France, in 1974. 248 pregnant women that smoked at least five cigarettes a day were defined as cases, and 196 pregnant women who did not smoke were defined as controls.Tests conducted on the placenta exhibit higher incidences of defective trophoblasts in smokers compared to non-smokers. The signs of intrauterine hypoxia, low birth-weight and low eutherian weight, were also higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. However, the study was not able to pee-pee a race between low birth-weight and low placental weight or intrauterine hypoxia (Shipra, A. Et al, 1977).Another study conducted demonstrated that mothers who smoked during one pregnancy had produced infants with lower birth-weight, compared to those infants born during pregnancy when they did not smoke. This was irrespective of the birth night club and other factors that affect the growth of the unborn baby in the utreus. The lessening in the birth weight was directly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked.Mothers, who smoked less, produced infants on an median(a) out 90 grams less than normal, whereas those who smoked heavily developed babies on an average 533 grams below normal. Smoking brought about the development of several lesions in the placental due to under-perfusion (which was usually periodic). Besides, pregnancy during smoking was on an average 1.5 days shorter than without smoking (Naeye, R.L., 1978).A study was also able to demonstrate that women who start out smoking during pregnancy are able to reduce the several risks associated with pregnancy such as low birth-weight, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, etc, and period of breastfeeding also modify (Giglia, R.C. Et al, 2006).A study conducted in Johannesburg and Sweto, in 1990, demonstrated that women who smoked (6.1%) and used sniffle (7.5%) during the pregnancy, produced babies who weight an average 2982 grams compared to babies of non-smokers who weighted 3148 grams, on an average. However, environmental pollutants (such as static smoking) did not significantly adversely affect the birth weight (Steyn, K., Et al, 2006).Another study conducted in Pelotas, Brazil, in 193, demonstrated that smoking in mothers produced babies on an average 142 grams below that of the non-smokers average. The study also demonstrated that the risk of fetal slowdown was higher with the extent of smoking. However, the study did not find any relationship between preterm delivery and smoking (Horbta, H.L. Et al, 1997).Hence, it is obvious that birth-weight of the baby is directly affected to the extent of smoked (number of cigarettes) by the mother during pregnancy. Further studies need to be conducted on the exact manner in which smoking causes a reducing in the birth-weight of the child.ReferencesGiglia, R.C., Binns, C.W., & Alfonso, H.S. (2006). Which women stop smoking during pregnancy and the effect on breastfeeding duration. BMC everyday Health, 2696Z), 195.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869976?dopt=AbstractPlusHorta, B.L., Victora, C.G., Menezes, A.M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F.C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 11(2), 140-151. https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9131707?dopt=abstractplusNaeye, R. L. (1978). Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 85(10), 732-737.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/708656?dopt=abstractplusSpira, A., Philippe, E., Spira, N., Dreyfus, J., & Schwartz, D. (1977). Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology. Biomedicine, 27(7Z), 266-270.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/588667?dopt=AbstractSteyn, K., de Wet, T., Saloojee, Y., Nel, H., & Yach D. (2006). The influence of maternal cigarette smoking, snuff use and passive smoking on pregnancy outcomes the Birth to Ten Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 20(2), 90-99.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16466427&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum