Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Disorders Illnesses Papers

Parkinsons DiseaseIn 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise An quiz on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which presently collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses, causality, possible treatments, and prospects for future study. What is most challenging concerning Parkinsons analysis (besides its agreeable accuracy) is the fact that his clinical observations and inferences were made by watching the movements of six elderly males at a distance along the streets of London. The symptoms seen in Parkinsons Disease (PD) ar of two distinct types (1) a degeneration of normal actions and movements coupled with (2) the appearance of deviate-type behaviors. Positive symptoms are those behaviors not usually seen in normal people since they issue forth a good deal in patients with PD, they are thought to be mechanistically inhibited by normal physiological systems. However, when these systems degenerate or become damaged, they are released and abnormal behavior is the result. The main abnormalities seen in Parkinsonian patients are resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and anesthesia. Resting tremors occur while the patient is motionless the symptoms disappear during activity or when the patient is asleep. They most often encompass alternating movements of the limbs, hands and head for instance, one diagnostic tremor known as pill-rolling, consists of repetitive rolling motions of the indicant past the... ... neurotoxin, 1-methyl--1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. Life Science, 1985, 362503-2508. Neurochemistry. 1986, 46 1501-1507. 8. Schapira, A. H. V. et. al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinsons disease. J. of Neurochemistry. 1990, 54 823-827. 9. Wachtel, H. Antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists a review of the pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacology in animals and humans. J. of neural Transmission. 1991, 3 151-201. 10. Mercuri, N. B. et. al. Physiology and pharmacology of dopamine D2-receptors their implications in dopamine--substitute therapy for Parkinsons disease. Neurology. 1989, 391106-1108. 11. Riederer, P. Konradi, C. Youdim, M. B. H. The role of MAO in dopaminergic transmission. pp. 149-153. In M. B. Streifler, ed. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 53 Parkinsons Disease Anatomy, Pathology, and Therapy. pertly York, Raven Press, 1990. Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Disorders Illnesses PapersParkinsons DiseaseIn 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the f irst to collect them into a common syndrome one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses, causality, possible treatments, and prospects for future study. What is most intriguing concerning Parkinsons analysis (besides its consistent accuracy) is the fact that his clinical observations and inferences were made by watching the movements of six elderly males at a distance along the streets of London. The symptoms seen in Parkinsons Disease (PD) are of two distinct types (1) a degeneration of normal actions and movements coupled with (2) the appearance of abnormal-type behaviors. Positive symptoms are those behaviors not usually seen in normal people since they occur often in patients with PD, they are thought to be mechanistically inhibited by normal physiological systems. However, when these systems degenerate or become damaged, they are released and abnormal behavior is the result. T he main abnormalities seen in Parkinsonian patients are resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and anesthesia. Resting tremors occur while the patient is motionless the symptoms disappear during activity or when the patient is asleep. They most often encompass alternating movements of the limbs, hands and head for instance, one diagnostic tremor known as pill-rolling, consists of repetitive rolling motions of the forefinger past the... ... neurotoxin, 1-methyl--1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. Life Science, 1985, 362503-2508. Neurochemistry. 1986, 46 1501-1507. 8. Schapira, A. H. V. et. al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinsons disease. J. of Neurochemistry. 1990, 54 823-827. 9. Wachtel, H. Antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists a review of the pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacology in animals and humans. J. of Neural Transmission. 1991, 3 151-201. 10. Mercuri, N. B. et. al. Physiology and pharmacology of dopamine D2-receptors their implications in dopamine--substitute therapy for P arkinsons disease. Neurology. 1989, 391106-1108. 11. Riederer, P. Konradi, C. Youdim, M. B. H. The role of MAO in dopaminergic transmission. pp. 149-153. In M. B. Streifler, ed. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 53 Parkinsons Disease Anatomy, Pathology, and Therapy. New York, Raven Press, 1990.