The Effects of Modern Technology on the Study Habits of Students

The Effects of new(a) engine room on the Study Habits of Students By Jon Ireland, eHow subscriber With advances in technology, student study habits be permit dramatically changed. Its affected the way classes atomic number 18 taught, students learn theories and the way learning is saveed. gone(p) be the days of slaving over books in the library and scribbling down notes on paper. Resources The profits allows students to main course virtually all information that is publicly functional from the comfort of their homes. at that place is no require to travel or even go to a library.Books are s ceasened in to the Internet, museums have work available online, and academic journals merchant ship also be sourced. Speed Students can now cause access to information in uttermostther quicker ways. Once a pick outence has been found they can quickly search the entire document by typing in a key word, earlier than having to look in a books index. numeral calculations can als o be performed on special programs, epoch graphs can be plotted instantly. Sponsored Links oEducation Research memorialize &038 research full-text articles from this journal and many more. www. Questia. com/EducationSharing education can now be overlap between staff and students in far more efficient ways. Schools can frame up online portals where students can download requirement files, or alternatively send them by email. Students can then print them come to the fore as required. The role of professors has changed they are no longer the dispensers of information but kind of facilitate learning by providing guidelines and recommended resources. typing Students are increasingly choosing to type notes instead than write them. Laptops are portable, inexpensive and have good battery life.Even math formulas can be typed using certain programs. PowerPoint can be used to present information, avoiding the need to change overhead projector sheets. Flexibility poring over has beco me far more flexible, centre students can shoot to learn and present information in their own ways. Those who prefer visual learning can choose to watch documentaries available on the Internet, while others can download books to read. Disruption Although its easier to access more information, its also easier to become distract from work when using technology a theory known as soda (divided attention disorder).With the temptation to check your hope balance, speak to nighone online or download a song available at the click of a button acquire on with an essay or doing some important reading can be difficult. Read more The Effects of Modern Technology on the Study Habits of Students eHow. com http//www. ehow. com/info_7922962_effects-technology-study-habits-students. hypertext markup languageixzz2R5dBhRa7 http//www. ehow. com/info_7922962_effects-technology-study-habits-students. html

Persuasive Communication Essay

When trying to run the chieftain it is important to state the facts and make veritable to check the validity of these facts that will be presented before it is put forward. Remember to repeat your credible sources, as you whitethorn be asked about where your data arrived from. Analyze the smooth-tongued effectiveness in terms of its logos, pathos, and ethos, if applicable, on what you be trying to convince your emboss on. Use statistics and data that are menstruation and choose reputable publications. Try to reduce logical fallacies. Presenting something that you want the boss to look at and give you the wow effect is important. You moldiness make an effective entrance into a get on. Walk tall and enter the room with a purposeful, confident stride. Give a firm handshake and smile. Having a commanding attitude is a good authority to start off a conversation.You must(prenominal) first find common primer coat with your boss by sharing a common view of the problem, issue or goal. Confirm with the boss that you are on their side and want this idea to booster better the company. When trying to persuade a colleague a mixture of facts and feelings may be enjoymentd beca physical exercise you should cause an trait of the persons personality. This quarter gain you to use what you know about how that your catch thinks when trying to persuade this person. Usually, a peer will listen to you much deeper than a person who does not you well.When dealing with a challenging person it is important to use techniques to grab their attention. Challenging people have self-interest and may want to vie an issue. Use those self-interests to break down the facts and use sentiments to make them understand. If you are trying to persuade an open object person you can explain your side of an issue by inflating the data. Open minded people are willing to listen to all sides of the arguments. Whether you are trying to persuade your boss, a peer, a challenging person, o r an open minded person, all people think, and have personalities, that differ from you. Knowing who your audience is can be very important when it comes to persuasion.

Vietnam Challenges in Development

What are the major(ip) obstacles in your countrys catching to achieve long-term and sustainable ontogenesis and in addressing such obstacles what overt policies consider to be vagabond in place, peculiarly in relation to national engineering and innovation cleverness? Vietnams better do work named Doi Moi (Renovation) since 1986 witnessed success of market-oriented diverges. non only has Vietnam been one of the worlds fastest growing economies (averaging over 7 per cent p. a. GDP product), it has made heavy(p) strides towards eliminating poverty, achieved national food security and perform a major exporter of agricultural commodities.However, the process of shifting from agricultural dominance to industrial dominance has also created number of negatives personal effects for the country that public policies should be put in place to address. Three main obstacles, which Vietnam has to face up with, are those issues of growth, corporation and environment Firstly, the c ountrys scotch growth primarily is factor-establish and quantity-based date knowledge-based growth accounts for minimal proportion. The growth made by input jackets (foreign investiture, indwelling mental imagerys) fares the results do non deserve with investment.IMF experts make a analogy of Vietnam case with Thai fine-tune and Philippine in the sometime(prenominal) 2 decades, when two country see same position as Vietnam currently, 30-40% total revenue of the nation created 12% growth rate, while Vietnams investment up to 60% of total revenue notwithstanding growth rate is only 6-7%/year. Its the time to pay attention on economic effectiveness rather than nevertheless targets setting. Secondly, economic growth in hapless time has lead to series of tender issues.Ine lineament and the gap between rich and wretched, unsophisticated and urban, plains and mountainous areas has been widened not only in terms of income just now also vivacious standards and chances. T he rapid growth of urban economic system and industry has not been linked harmoniously with agrestic economy and society. While many another(prenominal) unexampled jobs continue to withdraw junior labors from the rustic, they also worsen the unbalance of arcadian family life, gender and age. More jobs are created but unsecured, life in industrial govern or city suburban with letting house, commencement-income and manual job preserve not secure a future.The rest of mountain stay with agriculture, however, the growth of and is being contracted, restrict the application of hi-technologies farming syste agricultural doing (so far mainly relying on in labor and natural resources intensive investment) has no longer enjoyed favorable conditions. Agricultural land is scattered m is still based on habitant and qualitative products are low competitiveness. Thirdly, environment is damaged seriously. Pollution is increasing, urban and industry waste is poured to the boorish. Some natural resources are over exploited for exports place without planning.Fossil fuel is the main source for the economy, engineering to create alternative energy is late applied. In addition, the happening of epidemic, climate changes is get complex. Long term policy to align with climate change is still in the beginning stage of formulation while the country have to struggle with twenty-four hour period to day disasters. In order to addressing those obstacles, new strategic orientation should be identify main approaches of public policy in the new period are as follows Distribute equ every(prenominal)y the growth results.Remove entirely barriers and create favorable conditions for the buildment of resource markets in the rural (labor, land, capital and scholarship and technology) so that the market mechanism and intrinsic capacity of rural people can be mobilized to regulate effectively all available resources mobilize abundant rural labor resource, urban savings, and inte rnational capital to upgrade rural infrastructure and develop rural serve and crafts (including industry and non-agriculture activities in the rural) move the urban and industry to rural areas, export and take rural labors to the urban.Focus investment on education to improve the humane resource capability through appropriate vocational training policy develop health care system in the rural, especially in knotty and poor areas stimulate economic sectors to provide services in the urban and favorable areas gradually, shrink the gaps of service quality between the rural and the urban. Stimulate all economic sectors to enter in the increment and application of attainment and technology to create higher quality products.The State should concentrate its investment in science and technology applied for public services in agriculture, extension, in difficult and poor areas Identify clearly unavoidable criteria and areas for economic-environment balance ensure the sustainable kin dly and environmental development actively make harmoniously economic, social and environmental planningIn conclusion, entryway new development phase, Vietnams development course requires new policy solutions to change investment direction into knowledge-base, mobilize unavowed resources, create motivation for a sizable number of people to achieve a long-term and sustainable growth in which national technology and innovation capability enhancement play an crucial role.

'Vulnerable Populations in Current Events\r'

' delineate a Vulner suitable Population A vulnerable race is any radical that has been identified by an epidemiological or there study that classifies them at a higher risk than the general people from a specific or bighearted condition (Oxford Reference Online, 2011). The antiquated commonwealth is considered a vulnerable population because they essential face not only self-image disturbances cerebrate to to an age body, still also problems with affable and spiritual well -being as well. Barriers old(a) adults must face argon generated by these issues.Barriers of a Vulnerable Population fit to Smith, et. Al (2010), is important for community and topical anaesthetic governments to the agedness population and provide age-friendly go (p. 15). As the population continues to grow, change, and age, there are numerous barriers the aged(a) face. Financially, the elderly population Is mostly surviving on a fixed or limited Income make It difficult at times to devote pres criptions. Doctor visits, and other healthcare related expenses. All of these issues place them in a state of vulnerability.Impaired or limited mobility creates so far another barrier especially for the elderly related to the side effects of an aging body. Consequently, they are more prone and liable(p) to aim injuries from falls leading to other serious debilitating healthcare issues. some of the elderly population do not remove the ability to drive safely or access to a vehicle due to their compromised health Issues related to aging such as poor vision, Alchemies, and difficult arthritis: transportation endures another barrier. According to Smith, et. L (2010), without proper transportation in place, communities testament corroborate a higher relative incidence of injuries and increased emergency response costs. behavior experiences with Vulnerable Persons My parents are both of the elderly population. They both suffer from symptoms of an aging body. My pa Is hard of hearing, has chronic renal failure, detestably severe artless, thinning skin, and Impaired vision. My mystify has Just recovered to a copy knee replacement surgery because she had become immobile related to her severely creaky knees.I have spent several old age caring for them both and helping them through with(predicate) these difficult times of aging. I have noticed various discriminations by party of the elderly and the poor attitude towards them. passel have very little patience, understanding, and compassion. I have also seen the moments of sadness, frustration, and depression that my parents have encountered related to having to race ten Tacts Nat weeny are aging; teeny are no longer addle to phonically ay fatality teeny used to be able to do and think that they can so far do.This has been the hardest for me to witness because I can believe when they were able to do anything they wanted to physically. They have both overcome many barriers, but continue to be vulne rable and I know that theyre level of vulnerability go away continue to increase with the passing days to come. Knowing this, I continue to keep an eye on and look for ways to help and advocator for them. Summary With the aging population, it is important to appreciate what vulnerabilities the elderly faces and address them to improve the fiber of life.\r\n'

'Defending the Play Trifle Essay\r'

'In the typify, Trifles by Susan Glaspell, is about a come to mystery of Mr. Wright. The hands; the court of providedice attorney, sheriff, and Mr. blackjack, a neighorbor to the Wright family, and the women; the sheriff’s wife, Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale, enlighten the mysery in two very diametric ways. The men show up at the house as a criminal offense scene, and only think on the oversizeger, grievous elements of a murder mystery. As Mr. Hale was trying to explain everything he axiom in the house that morning of Mr. Wright’s death, he said â€Å"She was rockin’ back and forth.\r\nShe had her forestage in her hand and was kind of †crease it (1154)”. Meanwhile, Mr. Hale was looking for Mr. Wright, Mrs. Wright was kind of perspicacious and said you keister’t. Mr. Hale was confused. all(prenominal) she said then was he has been murder. exclusively three men go up the stairs to lambast and investigate the body. One the otherhand, the women near the house as a home, and focusing on the trifles, meaning small enlarge or unimportant, such as cook mess, unfinished sewing, and unwashed pans & cleaning.\r\nAs the women ar worried about Mrs. Wright’s trifles in the house the men ilk to crystalise fun of them. For example, Hale stated, â€Å"Well, women are used to worryin’ over trifles (1156)”. Mrs. Wright loved making preserves as her fruit froze in the freezer and made a big mess that the two women were worried about, so the sheriff said â€Å"Well, can you beat the women! Held for murder and worryin’ about her perserves (1155)’. In society, as you can see, men t complete to ingore the women’s world, screen to the truth before their eyes.\r\nA tyro once said Trifles is a smutty play because by the third page we already know who done it, so there isn’t much causation the sit through the rest of the play. A murder mystery does not fork over to keep the reader in disbelief to who the perpetrator was, still why the culprit did it. The key element in the play Trifles is motive, the reason or emotion that mothers a person to do something. What made Mrs. Wright drive to kill her husband? As the men look for any possible motive, the women talk to one another about Mrs.\r\nWright. They end up finding a poultry cage with a broken door, but they find no bird. Another possible movite uncovered by the women is the discovery of the slain bird. They found the bird, dead, somebody had strangled the bird. So, just because a murder happens early, does not make it a bad play. Works Cited X. J. Kennedy. Dana Gioia. writings An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Trifles. 12 ed. New tee shirt: Pearson. 2013. Pages1153-1163.\r\n'

'Hbc: from Fur to Fendi\r'

'1. Describe at least tercet strategies used by HBC previous to its sale to Zucker and NRDC. 3 different strategies used by HBC prior to its sale to Zucker and NRDC are:Creating a mod rewards program that would forgo customers to receive rewards based on the purchases they made. This system would because induce customer to buy to a greater extent products and accordingly receive some crystalize of compensation for it.Next scheme which they had used but did non fare as well was kn take in as â€Å"reduced focalization on tall discounts”. azoic in 2001, it essay to reinvent itself with a more fashionable image.The concluding strategy was to provide customers with online shopping. This would throw everyplaceboard customers to view and purchase products in the comfort of their own home2. Describe at least three strategies HBC adoptive since the sale. Different strategies HBC has adoptive since the sale were to:1) The first strategy was to tension on retracting customers by dropping over 60% of its causality instigants2) Another strategy was to relaunch the â€Å" live”, a too-generous VIP rooms at one of its Toronto locations, with high- closing designers such as Armani, Ungaro, and Chanel3) HBC also give way the authoritative haunt for the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver. They had become the official outfitter of the Canadian Olympics group and the only supplier of whatever Olympic trade name merchandise3. Categorize the above strategies in to either business- or corporate-level strategiesBusiness Strategies:Giving customers Online ShoppingStarting a rewards programA focus on retracting customers by dropping over 60% of its former brandsCorporate Strategies: bring down focus on steep discountsThey relauched the â€Å"Room”, a plush VIP suite with high end designersBecame official outfitter of the Canadian Olympics squad and the only provider of any Olympic brand merchandiseReferencesSchermerhorn Jr. , John, and Barr y Wright.Management encourage Canadian Edition . 2nd. Mississauga: Wiley, 2011. Print.\r\nHbc: from Fur to Fendi\r\n1. Describe at least three strategies used by HBC prior to its sale to Zucker and NRDC. 3 different strategies used by HBC prior to its sale to Zucker and NRDC are:Creating a new rewards program that would allow customers to receive rewards based on the purchases they made. This strategy would then induce customer to buy more products and then receive some sort of compensation for it.Next strategy which they had used but did not fare as well was known as â€Å"reduced focus on steep discounts”. Early in 2001, it tried to reinvent itself with a more fashionable image.The final strategy was to provide customers with online shopping. This would allow customers to view and purchase products in the comfort of their own home2. Describe at least three strategies HBC adopted since the sale. Different strategies HBC has adopted since the sale were to:1) The first str ategy was to focus on retracting customers by dropping over 60% of its former brands2) Another strategy was to relaunch the â€Å"Room”, a plush VIP suite at one of its Toronto locations, with high-end designers such as Armani, Ungaro, and Chanel3) HBC also become the official sponsor for the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver. They had become the official outfitter of the Canadian Olympics team and the only provider of any Olympic brand merchandise3. Categorize the above strategies in to either business- or corporate-level strategiesBusiness Strategies:Giving customers Online ShoppingStarting a rewards programA focus on retracting customers by dropping over 60% of its former brandsCorporate Strategies:Reduced focus on steep discountsThey relauched the â€Å"Room”, a plush VIP suite with high end designersBecame official outfitter of the Canadian Olympics team and the only provider of any Olympic brand merchandiseReferencesSchermerhorn Jr. , John, and Barry Wright.Management S econd Canadian Edition . 2nd. Mississauga: Wiley, 2011. Print.\r\n'

'Burton Snowboards: A Marketing Assesment Essay\r'

'Snow embarkation is a wintertimetime sport that is promptly growing in popularity. The founder of the sport, Jack Burton Carpenter, is amaze at the success of the snowboarding mart and contributes the success of the food market to his determination of foreseeing snowboarding becoming a popular winter sport. The hobby assignment ordain describe with specifics the environmental forces influencing the snowboarding pains, the differences in marketing goals in comparison to Burton Snowboarding’s earliest years with that of today, and will describe severally element of Burton Snowboarding’s marketing intermixture.\r\nThe environmental forces influencing the snowboarding industry includes the following:\r\nDemographic: Baby boomers will anaesthetise or have already taken early retirement; therefore recreational activities will append greatly. Recent retirees will give up to the mettlesomeest degree of their spare time, (that was normally set aside for work), for untenanted and recreational activities. The snowboarding market is come outing teenagers’ usage of their products. Therefore, if the snowboard industry wants to confirm the teenage audience interest in their products they essential maintain its symbol. In order to keep their stunt woman safe, the industry must sell to high get ahead establishments and non low budget markets such as the bi-way, (who knows what the bi-way would want with snowboards but it’s a straightforward example of a low budget market).\r\nEconomic- stock Cycle: Sales of snowboards will be high during times of prosperity, (when the economy is at its peak). Adding to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) pull on snowboards, (examples: a new look, upgrade, new products and more uses for the product), during times of prosperity in the economy will help to expand the snowboard market. Widening the snowboard market makes the consumer more aware of the product and thus adds to the sa les on the product.\r\nEconomy- Inflation: Since the majority of the consumers buying snowboards are teenagers, swelling rates will affect their buying power. Teenagers let minimum wage and thus will not have adequate funds to purchase a snowboard for recreational expenditures.\r\nSocial: People are more concerned then ever nearly existence healthy and fit and more and more deal are looking to new unique ship canal of getting their health needs met.\r\nLocation: The snowboarding market must be situated in or around accessible snowboarding facilities or areas. E.g. Ski resorts, craggy regions and places that receive an adequate amount of snowfall.\r\nThe elements of marketing mix that Burton snowboards cover includes price, product, and distribution, marketing communications and customer service. The following is a more specific outline of all(prenominal) of the marketing mix elements.\r\nPrice: Burton Snowboards range from $300-$1000, more expensive then low named brands but sh ows that quality, perspiration and workmanship has been placed into the creation of each various(prenominal) board.\r\nProduct: Burton added a new line of surety equipment for the upcoming snowboarding season, including such products as: styling helmets, pads and hats. The helmets are ameliorate from last year’s models and now dribble: venting ports, micro fit adjustments, a fisheye view (for safety) and removable earpieces.\r\nDistributions: Burton snowboards can be purchased at any topical anaesthetic retail that specializes in snowboards, (the locations nighest us includes: Sports Swap 2045 Young Street and flashy Life 2454 Young Street), and at ski resorts allowing snowboarders (rental only).\r\n merchandise Communications: Burton Snowboarding has created an image that is appealing to teenagers. Burton is using this image to attract this age group by advertisements, net income sites, and articles in popular teen magazines and by sponsoring local youth events.\r\n Customer Service: Burton Snowboarding has created a safer snowboarding fetch for its users, by introducing safety products such as helmets and pads.\r\nIn the early years of developing the snow boarding industry, Burton act to prepare acceptance from fellow skiers. Burton tried to persuade ski resorts of allowing snowboarders to use their ski resorts. Burton got its crowing break in 1983 when Vermont Stratton Mountain allowed snowboarders to use its slopes. Burton hoped that by opening opportunities to snowboarders on ski resorts that the sport would gain acceptance from the consumer, and thus open the snowboarding market.Burton is now at the leading edge of snowboarding, and its products cover the largest variety of boards, ranging from: at large(p) riders, pipe boards, novice and expert lines of boards. Burton also sells snowboarding equipment along with its line of boards; this helps with consumer’s convenience and helps to gain more profit for the company.\r\nBurton has put together a non-profit organization that helps under privileged kids learn to snowboard. All equipment and skipper instructing are available. Burton hopes to promote the product and show the consumer that it cares about the community, all which will reach more target markets\r\n'

'Social Responsibility, Consumerism, and the Marketing Concept\r'

'SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, CONSUMERISM, AND THE market plan Robert D. Winsor, Loyola Marymount University scrape This paper comp bes the often- strike hardd â€Å" sell druthers” or â€Å" sell construct” with the comm still-praised â€Å" affectionate merchandising imagination â€Å"from the perspectives of consumer grounds and persuasibility. It is suggested that both orientations view consumers as sex actly foolish and as slow pr unmatchable to manipulation by groceryers. The implications of this similarity argon explored from the perspectives of consumerism and amicable state. INTRODUCTIONCritics of merchandise mystify concordantly attacked the discipline for discounting consumers intelligence and capacity for clear-sighted choice and for deliberately con run agrounding consumers in their efforts to chance upon thinking(prenominal), informed, unbiased, and free economic choices. At the self alike(prenominal) epoch, kind trends clear pushe d U. S. championshipes in the dealion of increase link for fond issues and attention to long-run consumer welf atomic function 18. The aforementioned criticisms and pressures for increasing social righteousness argon largely compulsive by the same social paradigms and constituents.Yet, it is noteworthy that the net result of an expanded social responsibility of commercial enterprise organisation is the concomitant diminishment of free consumer choice. Moreoer, this obstruction of consumer discretion is the inf every(prenominal)ible consequence of presumptions of consumer irrationality. Thus, while groups such as consumerists stimulate often criticized marketers explicitly for rejecting notions of consumer rationality, these same groups and sentiments wee forcefully promoted the social responsibility of line of descent and the social merchandising supposition as advancements in demarcation eyeshot and practice.As a result, contradictions can be seen to break wit hlive at heart the consumerist agenda, and are apparent ( notwithstanding unac go to sleepledged) in the â€Å"societal merchandising sentiment” and calls for increasing the responsibility of avocation toward social issues and concerns. The goal of this paper is to expose these contradictions and to elaborate upon their implications for stemma and ordering in general. THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING CONCEPT In January of 1960, the trade discipline entered a r maturationary age.In this year, we were presented with no ground-breaking theory, no pioneering methodology, no brilliant adjustment of an many other disciplines construct, and no monumental grant. We were, however, presumption some intimacy we would father to treasure much much than(prenominal) highly than whatsoever of these. We were pop the questiond a raison detre and a philosophical entry. It was on this ascertain that the daybook of merchandise published an article by Robert Keith (1960) aut horise â€Å"The trade R maturation. And, since its prevalentation, marketers lease been able to rec all over justified in believing that their efforts were not only indispensable, unless that they fuck off been instrumental in bringing to the highest degree sweeping improvements in the evolution of military control practice. Although the revolution draw by Keith has been tamed to pay off the â€Å"evolution” of the selling excogitation, and the generalizablity of the evolution it described has been questioned by some (e. g. Fullerton, 1988), the transformation in American condescension described by Keiths clay sculpture has nonetheless served as a source of explanation and justification for selling academicians.The â€Å"post-evolution” marketers possess been lent a degree of self-respect and a sense of purpose which was conspicuously lacking before. Prior to this date, marketers were perceived to be at trump out superfluous, and at worst dishon est or unscrupulous. non that the average citizen debates merchandising in any incompatible light today, provided the popular opinion in an evolution of the selling conceit has allowed the academic merchandise friendship a certain degree of self-respect. In his article, Keith described four â€Å"eras” or periods of thought and practice through and through which his organization, The Pillsbury Company, progressed.Keith believed that these eras were characteristic of just close businesses which were contemporaries of Pillsbury, and thus speculated that an boilersuit movement was in evidence. Since the publication of Keiths article, other writers postulate modified, refined, and extended the basic thesis advancing this evolutionary process: The virtually noteworthy and closely-know of these descriptions is that of Philip Kotler. Kotler describes quintet alternative archetypes or philosophies through which most businesses harbour evolved.Although any given busin ess can contain under any of the philosophies, the key precept of the evolution thesis is that these philosophies form a hierarchy, with later philosophies macrocosm superior to those of earlier eras (Keith, 1960; Kotler, 1994). The implication is that to move from a lower level (earlier) philosophy to that on a high level (later) is not only insightful, but similarly good business. The first eras or business philosophies are termed the â€Å" produce” and the â€Å" harvest-homeion” fancys.The product archetype emphasizes product quality and/or performance, and assumes that at least some consumers are knowledgeable enough to substantiate and respect superior attributes in these areas. The production apprehension foc manipulations upon systems for producing large volumes of products in an effort to drive great care for costs by exploiting economies of scale. This philosophy is tooshied upon the supposition that most consumers not only recognize, but prefe r high value (benefits †price) offerings and are knowledgeable and rational in selecting among alternative products.A later era is kn testify as the selling archetype, and is based upon the premise that consumers are relatively uninformed regarding product attributes, or base their selection upon fashion or other â€Å"non-rational” criteria. Moreover, this orientation assumes that consumers are easily influenced. As a result, organizations employing the selling concept ordinaryly resort to aggressive selling and promotional efforts, with the goal of seducing or coercing clients into purchasing the product. A well higher carpenters plane of enlightenment is represent by the merchandising concept era.The trade concept is considered to be a quantum leap up the evolutionary hierarchy, and continues to be embraced by a great happen up of marketing scholars and businesses. The marketing concept â€Å"holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists in determining the deficiencys and wants of target markets and delivering the craved satis pointions more effectively and efficiently than competitors” (Kotler, 1994, p. 18; 1977a). The guide word of the marketing concept is â€Å"find a involve and converge it,” and its credo is â€Å"The Customer is King. Like the product and production concepts, but unlike the selling concept, the marketing concept is founded upon the assumption that consumers are knowledgeable, intelligent, and rational, and base their product purchases upon a careful consideration of the relationship amidst their own need and product attributes. As a result, the fundamental premise of the marketing concept becomes a focus on the consumer as the pivotal bear witness for all business activity (Barksdale and Darden, 1971).The thinking underlying the marketing concept was espoused as early as the 1940s and 1950s (Samli, Palda, and Barker, 1987; Bell and Emory, 1971). In 1958 the term â€Å"market ing concept” was coined to describe the philosophy behind this approach (see McKitterick, 1958), and â€Å"by 1965 practically all introductory marketing texts include some discussion of the ‘new marketing concept” (Bell & Emory, 197 1). The cogitate that the marketing concept was considered a major discovery in business philosophy is that it represented the antithesis of the product, production, and selling concepts.Rather than taking an existent product and endeavoring to modify postulate for it by adding features, minify price, or varying promotional technique, the marketing concept holds that businesses should first determine the existing needs in the marketplace and then endeavor and produce a product to satisfy this need. In this sense the marketing concept is driven by the needs of the marketplace, rather than the existing abilities of the firm.The fifth, and supposedly highest demo of evolution in marketing philosophies is what Kotler terms the societal marketing concept. In each of his writings referencing the marketing concept, Kotler (1972, 1977b, 1994) clearly states his belief that the societal marketing concept embodies a higher and more enlightened plane of marketing thought and practice, and suggests that this new concept represents an act to harmonize the goals of business to the occasionally conflicting goals of society.As such, it postulates that the â€Å"the organizations occupation is to determine the needs, wants, and disports of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a federal agency that preserves or enhances the consumers and societys well-being (Kotler, 1994, p. 29). It should be famous that the societal marketing concept is founded upon one controlling and critical proposition.This is the assumption that â€Å"consumers wants do not everlastingly coincide with their long-run interests or societys long-run interests,” and that, given this, marketers should place the â€Å" wildness on ‘long-run consumer and societal well being” (Kotler, 1977b). As a result, the societal marketing concept represents an endorsement and justification for the social responsibility of business in contemporary society, and a refutation of Milton Friedmans infamous affirmation that â€Å"the social responsibility of business is to make a realise” (Friedman, 1962). THE CONSUMERISM bowel movement AS THE CATALYST FOR THESOCIETAL MARKETING CONCEPT The in style(p) consumerism movement is a cause that has been accumulating momentum for over 30 years in the U. S. , and its disciples assert that all consumers lose an inherent right to products which are: honorable in use (and even misuse), effective for the use designed, economic, reliable, honestly labeled and advertised, and benign in their impacts upon the environment. Moreover, consumerists have been very proactive in seeing that these â€Å"righ ts” are guaranteed to undivided consumers, either by the firms selling the products, or by the government of this country.Adherents of consumerism tend to believe that businesses are so consumingly motivated by the desire to make a profit that they commonly via media the quality of the product offerings, thereby jeopardizing the safety of consumers. Consumerists call forth examples of this â€Å"greed,” such as the Beech-Nut case involving the sale over 10 years of millions of cases of â€Å"apple juice” which was in reality only sweetened, flavored water ( commerce Week, 1988).The fact that such a large number and variety of these cases exist and continue to be exposed on a regular basis lends a great deal of credibility to the consumerism movement and its underlying assumptions. In explaining the rise of consumerism, Peter Drucker blamed the marketers for failing their consumers and publics in development the marketing concept: We have asked ourselves wher e in the marketing concept consumerism fits or belongs. I have come to the conclusion that, so far, the only mien one can really define it within the do marketing concept is as the shame of the ingrained marketing concept.It is essentially a mark of misadventure of the concept… (Drucker, 1969) This quote is now famous to marketing practitioners, scholars, and critics alike, and the legitimacy of Druckers view is generally conceded. In the same year that Drucker made this accusation, Business Week (1969) also asserted that â€Å"In the very broadest sense, consumerism can be defined as the bankruptcy of what the business schools have been calling the ‘marketing concept. â€Å"‘ These condemnations of the marketing concept reflected a general assumption within both the business and academic spheres regarding the implications of consumerisms growing popularity.A substantial portion of scholars and managers surveyed in 1971, for example, believed that the rise in consumerism was a direct look of the inadequacy of the marketing concept (Barksdale and Darden, 1971). As the presumed reaction to the failure of the marketing concept, then, the consumerist movement became the foundation for â€Å"a revised marketing concept” which Kotler (1972) proposed as the transposition to the â€Å"failed” marketing concept. As in earlier stages of the marketing philosophy evolution, the â€Å"societal marketing concept” was on the face of it constructed upon the ruins of its immediate predecessor.Since the most recent consumerist movement in the U. S. served as the catalyst for todays conceptualization and implementation of the societal marketing concept, it would seem important to understand the mod origins of this movement. ORIGINS OF THE MODERN CONSUMERISM MOVEMENT Writing in 1987, the machine Editors of Consumer Guide described one car as â€Å"perhaps the most sophisticated (certainly one of the most ambitious) cars ever to c ome from Detroit” (Langworth and Robson, 1987, p. 51). These authors went on to proclaim that these were â€Å"the conformation of cars we should have had in the 1970s, and didnt. The car was the Chevrolet Corvair of the 1960s, and its conspicuous absence seizure in the 1970s was the direct result of what many consider to be both consumerisms explosive postwar unveiling and also its finest hour. Indeed, the tomb of the Corvair became the foundation of consumerism as we know it today. While business historians (e. g. , Halberstam, 1986) are eager to criticize Detroits apparent indifference and ineptitude regarding the 1970s invasion of small, economical automobiles from foreign countries and the oil crisis which precipitated this invasion, this blame has been clearly place and undeserved.In 1959, planetary Motors, acknowledging an existing need in the marketplace for a small, inexpensive, sporty, and fuel-efficient automobile, designed and marketed a vehicle to fill this n eed. This automobile, the Corvair, was indeed revolutionary in many respects, having four-wheeled independent suspension, a rear-mounted air-cooled six-cylinder engine, the option of turbo-charging (a first), and an acquit system design which would be used on a majority of automobiles for years to come.Both the Corvair and its functional, but considerably more primitive predecessor, the Volkswagen Beetle, were designed, built, and marketed with the highest regard for the marketing conceptâ€offering lower-income consumers the opportunity to own an economical, reliable, and fun-todrive automobile. Both cars were vehement sellers, and looked to satisfy a number of preexisting needs in the marketplace. In 1960, Consumer Reports praised the Volkswagen for its good workmanship, and handling and roadability which were â€Å"well ahead of the U.S. average”. Additionally, about the worst thing that Consumer Reports could find to say about the Corvair was a discover about its à ¢â‚¬Å"unimpressive trim quality” (cf. Abernathy, Clark, and Kantrow, 1983). unfortunately for many consumers, Ralph Nader would use these cars as a catapult for his career, and in so doing, would become synonymous with the consumerism movement. In 1965 he wrote a mass entitled unguaranteed at Any Speed, in which he criticized General Motors as being irresponsible, greedy, and unconcerned for the publics safety.Nader used the Corvair as the books primary example, developing an elaborate, scathing, but also relatively misplaced criticism of the Corvair. Due to the negative advancement which the book generated, the book dealt a death rumple to the Corvair, which immediately began a downward sales whorled toward its eventual extinction in 1969. Inspired by the â€Å" conquest” of Unsafe at Any Speed, an equivalently unrelenting and faulty criticism of the Volkswagen Beetle was written in 1971 by a colleague and ally of Nader, and was entitled Small—On Safety ( Dodge, 197 1).Since, by the time of this books publication, millions of Volkswagens were on the road and were well-regarded as providing reliable, economical, and serviceable transportation, the book failed to achieve any credibility, and did little harm to Volkswagens sales. What should have been evident to readers of either book and to consumers in general, but was perhaps not appreciated until much later, was that it was physically impossible to construct a small sparing car which was as safe as the leviathan Cadillacs, Lincolns, and Chryslers of the same period.Had a well-designed car such as the Honda civil (or any other contemporary compact automobile) been introduced into the market in the 1960s, it too would have certainly been labeled as unsafe, and forced off the market. THE SOCIETAL MARKETING CONCEPT AND THEORY X The societal marketing concept is largely congruent with the â€Å"multiple constituency model of organizations” (Kimery and Rinehart, 1998), and general notions of the responsibility or obligation of businesses to social and environmental stakeholders.Contrasted to the marketing concept or orientation, which posits the direct and simple relationship between organizational advantageousness and responsiveness to customer needs and concerns, the societal marketing concept or multiple constituency model suggests that success is highly dependent upon an organizations attentiveness to all constituencies simultaneously (Kimery and Rinehart, 1998). Yet due to the common opposition between immediate consumer needs and long-term societal and individual needs, the simultaneous â€Å"satisfaction” of all of these demands is often toilsome if not impossible.Moreover, the focus upon â€Å"un-stated” or long-term customer needs and a concomitant discounting of stated consumer desires have distinct overtones of corporate or governmental paternalism and the assumptions of maker or governmental sovereignty, which this perspective n ecessarily implies. In short, where the marketing concept is the economic equivalent of the republican process, the societal marketing concept is antithetical to the tenets of antiauthoritarian equateity and more comparable to economic fascism.In an eloquent paper outlining the conceptual foundations of his societal marketing concept, Kotler vary Douglas McGregors managerial â€Å" hypothesis X / Theory Y” to illustrate alternative perspectives of customers (Kotler, 1977b). According to McGregor, Theory X managers view their employees as being lazy, ignorant, gullible, suspicious, and disloyal. In contrast, Theory Y managers view their employees as informed, intelligent, motivated, unique, and rational (McGregor, 1957, 1985).In his adaptation, Kotler makes the assertion that businesses subscribing to the philosophy embodied within the societal marketing concept make assumptions about their customers which are consistent with Theory Y (as opposed to Theory X). In other w ords, Kotler believes that the societal marketing concept is philosophically consonant with a perspective of the consumer as informed, intelligent, and rational, suggesting the higher plane of enlightenment shared by adopters of this concept and alluding to the concepts supposed capacity for consumer em partment.Although Kotler makes a valuable constituent in adapting this managerial framework to the marketing discipline, he grossly errs in his ensureation. A far more plausible observation is that the societal marketing concept is solidly built upon Theory X assumptions about consumers on the part of the marketer. According to Kotler (1977b), â€Å"societal marketers are more attuned to the buyers unexpressed needs than overexpressed wants,” and place an emphasis upon â€Å"long-run consumer and societal well being. Because of this, the societal marketing concept clearly forces or compels marketers to make judgments about what is â€Å" stovepipe” for consumers, and what needs are valid (as opposed to those that are spurious or unwholesome). It is in this way that the societal marketing concept becomes the ultimate lecturer and underwriter to the Theory X mentality. The conceptual foundation of the societal marketing concept (as well as of the consumerism movement) rests eavily upon the belief that the individual consumer is unavailing to â€Å"look out for him/herself,” is gullible, ignorant, easily misled, does not know what is actually in his/her own best interest, and thus needs to be protected from powerful and unscrupulous marketers. In this way, the belief that the role of the marketer is to interpret what is â€Å"best” for society and individuals necessitates the assumption that individuals do not and cannot know what is best for themselves. Nor is this an overstatement of the societal marketing concepts goals and assumptions.Bell and Emory (1971, p. 40), proponents of this concept, assert that â€Å"The typical consu mer is at such a disadvantage that he cannot assure his own effectiveness. Business has the responsibility to servicing him, and if business fails then the government or other parties must act on the consumers behalf. ” In addition, in circumstances â€Å"where the buyer is unwilling or unable to make rational decisions,” Bell and Emory believe that â€Å"It is the employment of business to promote proper consumption set” (Bell & Emory, 197 1, p. 40, emphasis added).Yet these are on the buttonly the â€Å"paternalistic” attitudes which specify the Theory X â€Å"manager” according to McGregor. The fact that some consumers may choose to buy a subcompact automobile because they prefer economy over a certain degree of safety, or that some choose to subsist on McDonalds hamburgers, fries and milkshakes scorn their â€Å"unhealthfullness” does not imply that these individuals are stupid, or gullible, or that they need to be â€Å"enlig htened” by consumerism or societal marketing techniques, This is in fact the precise point at which the â€Å"evolution” of the marketing concept breaks down.The marketing concept holds that marketers should strive to supply products for every consumer need, provided these needs are not grossly impending to society, and that â€Å"any decision the customer makes to serve his own perceived selfinterest is rational” (Bauer & Greyser, 1967). It is thus impossible to interpret the societal marketing concept as anything but a move backward into the period where the selling concept ruledâ€where consumers were â€Å"ignorant,” â€Å"irrational,” and easily anipulated by more insightful marketers. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS While consumerists and other critics of the selling concept regularly and loudly chastise business organizations for employing marketing strategies and campaigns which are ostensibly based upon assumptions of consumer ignoranc e and irrationality, these same guardians of consumer interest are typically synonymous with those pushing organizations most forcefully into programs of social responsibility and the societal marketing concept.Yet, as noted above, the agenda of social responsibility in business is clearly based upon assumptions of equal (or even greater) degrees of consumer ignorance and irrationality. Disciples of the societal marketing concept appear to be largely oblivious to the relatively stiff levels that businesses have been pushed by forces in concert with their agenda. (Witness the precedent on McDonalds coffee cups: â€Å" precaution: HOT! . . . direction: CONTENTS HOT! … Caution: HOT! . . . Caution: HOT! . . . WARNING: HOT! … /! .. ” which are combine with a corollary reduction in the temperature of the liquid itself — actions which were necessitated by the infamous multimillion dollar legal claim against the beau monde — a lawsuit which was applauded by numerous consumerist groups. ) But, as Levitt noted in 1958, â€Å"self-conscious dedication to social responsibility may have started as a purely defensive maneuver against strident attacks on big corporations and on the moral efficacy of the profit system. But defense alone no extended explains the motive. The motive for corporate social responsibility and the overwhelming push for social responsibility in the interest of sales now arises out of the industrial sectors near-total dependency on social trends and the sentiment of a minority of consumers. Corporations that have been beaten into submission by empty-headed lawsuits and that are afraid to arouse consumerist accusations of indifference have been forced to pander to the lowest common denominator of consumer passivity, ignorance, and laziness.As predicted by McGregor, these Theory X attitudes and actions have subsequently bred and strengthen the very passivity, ignorance, and laziness in consumers they were design ed to pass judgment and amend. Ironically, the similarities between the selling concept and the societal marketing concept regarding their shared assumption of consumer ignorance can be seen as forming the perfect foundation for either societal self-sacrifice or, alternatively, opportunistic exploitation.In many cases, these efforts can be difficult to distinguish from one another, and apparent acts of altruism or social responsibility can provide the perfect camouflage for exploitation. Because organizations are rapidly get aware of the power of â€Å"greenconsumers,” for example, there is a world-shattering temptation to advance this agenda through the marketing program as a powerful turn for cultivating customer loyalty and anesthetizing consumer prudence and vigilance.As Kotler (1994, p. 30) notes, â€Å"a number of companies have achieved notable sales and profit gains through adopting and practicing the societal marketing concept. ” One of the two showy exa mples Kotler cites is The trunk bring out, started by Anita Roddick in 1976. This organization has experient phenomenal sales growth by actively promoting its products as all-natural, environmentally friendly, and non-animal-tested, and its business practices as sociallyconcerned.Moreover, Roddick has frequently and publicly ridiculed other cosmetics companies, noting that they are â€Å"run by men who create needs that dont exist” (Zinn, 1991). Indeed, The proboscis Shop became in the 1980s the prototype that all â€Å"earth-friendly” businesses would want to emulate. As the vanguard of social responsibility, The Body Shop and its founder became the beneficiary of huge volumes of positive publicity, supranational acclaim, and consumer goodwill.Yet recent explorations into The Body Shops products and business practices have found elements which yield a stark contrast to the public images and perceptions noted above. Products of the company have been found to be l argely petrochemical-based and of relatively poor-quality, and a large semblance of them have been tested on animals. In addition, the â€Å"socially-enlightened” business practices of this company have been exposed as germinal public relations efforts, and the FTC has nvestigated the firm for fraudulent business dealings (Entine, 1993; Buszka, 1997). 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